मकै बालीमा लाग्ने अमेरिकन फौजीकीरा र यसको व्यवस्थापन

परिचय

अमेरिकन फौजीकीरा  (American Fall Armyworm-FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) मकै बालीमा लाग्ने पुतली वर्गको रात्रीचर कीरा हो । यो कीरा काउली बन्दामा लाग्ने सुर्तिको लार्भा  (Tobacco Caterpiller) सँग धेरै हदसम्म मिल्दोजुल्दो हुन्छ । अमेरिकी महादेशको उष्ण तथा उपोष्ण क्षेत्रहरुको रैथाने मानिने यस कीराको लार्भाले मकै लगायत ३५३ विभिन्न प्रजातिका बिरुवाहरुमा नोक्सानी पुर्याउन सक्ने तथ्य जानकारीमा आएको छ । मुख्यतया, मकै बाली मन पराउने यस कीराले मकै नपाएमा जुनेलो, धान, गहुँ, कोदो, उखु, घाँसे बालीहरु, काउली वर्गका तरकारी बालीहरु, तेल बालीहरु, काँक्रो लगायतका लहरे तरकारी, बदाम, भटमास, प्याज, कपास, गोलभेंडा, आलु बालीहरुमा समेत क्षति पुरयाउन सक्दछ ।

यो कीरा आक्रामक तवरले छिट्टै ठूलो क्षेत्रमा फैलन सक्ने मिचाहा प्रवृत्तिको हुन्छ । उपयुक्त आहारा तथा आवहवाको खोजीमा यो कीराको वयस्क पुतली अण्डा पार्नु अगाडि ५०० किलो मिटर टाढासम्म पनि उडेर जान सक्दछ । सन् २०१५ सम्म अमेरिकामा सीमित रहेको यो कीरा सन् २०१६ मा पहिलो पटक अफ्रिकी देश नाइजेरीयामा पहिचान भई हालसम्म त्यस महादेशका अन्य थप ३० देशहरु, र सन् २०१८ को मई महिनामा एशिया महादेशमा भारतको कर्नाटका राज्यमा पहिचान भई हालसम्म अन्य देशहरु जस्तै बंगलादेश, श्रीलंका, म्यानमार, भियतनाम, थाईल्याण्ड, इण्डोनेशीया, जापान, कोरीया, लाओस, मलेसीया, चीन, ताइवान तथा यमनमा फेला परिसकेको छ । नेपालमा यस कीराको प्रवेश गरेको आधिकारिक पुष्टि मिति २०७६ श्रावण २७ गते बसेको राष्ट्रिय बिरुवा संरक्षण संगठनको १९ औं बैठकले देशका विभिन्न स्थानहरुबाट संकलित नमुनाहरुको डीएनए परीक्षणबाट प्राप्त नतिजाहरुको आधारमा गरेको थियो ।

फौजी किराले नोक्सान पारेको मकै 

क्षतिको लक्षण

लार्भा अवस्थाले मकैको पात, गुभो, धानचमरा, जुँगा, घोगा तथा डाँठमा समेत क्षति पुरयाउँछ । झुण्डमा पारिएका फुलहरुबाट निस्कने बित्तिकै सानो लार्भाले शुरुमा वरिपरिको पातको बाहिरी सतहमा मात्र कोत्रेर खान्छ, जसले गर्दा पातमा सिसाको झ्याल जस्तो आकृतिहरु देखिन्छन् । त्यसपछि यी लार्भाहरु आँफैले बनाएको रेसाहरु र हावाको मद्दतले अन्य बोटहरुमा फैलिन्छन् । कलिलो अवस्थाको मकैको गुवोभित्र प्वाल पारी पस्दै खान थाल्दछन् र बिरुवा बढ्दै जाँदा पातमा लहरै स–साना प्वालहरु परेको देख्न सकिन्छ । लार्भाहरु बढ्दै जाँदा परभक्षि स्वभावका समेत हुन्छन् । कीराको आक्रमण भएको ठाउँमा काठको धुलो जस्तो विष्टा पनि प्रशस्त मात्रामा देखिन्छ । यस कीराबाट अत्यधिक आक्रमण भएको अवस्थामा मकैमा असिनाबाट भएको क्षति जस्तै पातहरु छियाछिया भएको देखिन्छ । बिरुवा हुर्कदै जाँदा मकैको धान चमरा, जुँगा र घोगामा समेत पसेर यसले नोक्सान गर्न सक्दछ ।

अन्य पुतली वर्गका कीराहरुजस्तै यस कीराको पनि जीवनचक्रमा ४ अवस्थाहरु (अण्डा, लार्भा, प्युपा र वयस्क) हुन्छन्, जुन पुरा गर्न २८ देखि ४८ दिनसम्म लाग्ने गर्दछ भने नेपालमा खुमलटारको प्रयोगशालामा गरिएको अध्ययन अनुसार २७ डिग्री सेल्सियसमा २७ देखि ३२ दिनसम्म लागेको पाइएको छ । अत्यधिक वर्षाको अवस्थामा यसको जीवन चक्रमा प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पर्दछ । नयाँ ठाउँमा पहिलो पुस्ता अन्यत्रबाट आएर आक्रमण गर्ने र त्यस पछि उष्ण हावापानी भएका क्षेत्रमा वर्षमा ४ देखि ६ पुस्तासम्म र चिसो मौसम हुने क्षेत्रमा २ पुस्तासम्म हुनसक्ने अनुमान छ ।

 

व्यवस्थापन

      यो खतरनाक कीरा भएकोले सबै सरोकारवालाहरु र कृषकहरु यस कीराको ब्यवस्थापनको निम्ति चनाखो हुनुपर्छ । यो कीराको ब्यवस्थापनको निम्ति एउटै मात्र उपाय प्रभावकारी हुन सक्दैन । त्यसैले यो कीराको ब्यवस्थापनका लागि निम्न बमोजिमका एकिकृत शत्रुजीव ब्यवस्थापनका उपायहरु अवलम्बन गर्नु पर्छ ।

Ø खेतबारीमा मकै उम्रेदेखि नियमित रुपमा अनुगमन गरी कीराको उपस्थिति र सम्भावित क्षतिको आँकलन गर्नुपर्दछ ।

Ø मकैको घोगामा समेत नोक्सान गर्नसक्ने भएकाले खोस्टाले पूरा घोगा छोपिने जातको मकै लगाउने ।

Ø एउटा पकेट क्षेत्रमा सकेसम्म एकै समयमा र अगाडि मकै रोप्ने ।

Ø मकैको एकल बाली लगाउनु भन्दा कोशेबाली अन्तरबाली वा मिश्रित बालीको रुपमा लगाउँदा कीराको प्रकोप कम हुन्छ ।

Ø डेस्मोडियम घाँस एक किसिमको गन्ध आउने  जुन यो कीरालाई मन नपर्ने हुनाले विकर्षक बालीको रुपमा मकैको बीच बीचमा लगाउने र छेउछाउमा पासो बालीको रुपमा नेपियर घाँस लगाएर कीरालाई आकर्षित गरी नेपियरमा मात्र विषादी प्रयोगद्वारा मार्न सकिन्छ ।

Ø बिरुवालाई स्वस्थ्य र कीराको क्षति सहनसक्ने बनाउन सिफारिस गरिए अनुसार सन्तुलित मलखादको प्रयोग गर्ने ।

Ø मकै रोप्नु अघि इमिडाक्लोप्रिड (Imidacloprid)  ४८ प्रतिशत एफ एस ( Flowable concentrate for seed treatment) बिषादी प्रति किलोग्राम बीउमा ४ मी.ली.का दरले बीउ उपचार गरेर रोप्दा शुरुको ३ हप्तासम्मको बिरुवाहरुलाई क्षति हुनबाट बचाउन सकिन्छ ।

Ø निरीक्षणको क्रममा पातको तल्लो सतहमा झुण्डमा पारिएका अण्डाहरु संकलन गरी नष्ट गर्ने ।

Ø पातमा सेता लाम्चा झिल्ली सहितका प्वाल (Papery window) हरु देखा परेमा नीमजन्य विषादी एजाडिराक्टिन १५०० पीपीएम ५ मिली लिटर प्रति लिटर पानीमा मिसाएर छर्ने ।

Ø मकैको पातमा लार्भाले क्षति गरेको प्वालहरु तथा गुभोमा क्षतिको लक्षण देखा परेमा अनिवार्य रुपमा सुरक्षित पहिरन लगाई निम्नानुसारका रासायनिक विषादीहरु आलोपालो गरी विषादी मिसाएको घोल प्रति रोपनी २५ लिटरका दरले प्रयोग गर्नु पर्दछ ।

१.    इमामेक्टिन बेन्जोएट (Emamectin Benzoate ) (Kingstar) ५ प्रतिशत एस.जी. १ ग्राम प्रति २.५ लिटर पानीका दरले

२.    स्पाइनोस्याड (Spinosad) ४५ प्रतिशत एस.सी. १ मी.ली. प्रति ३ लिटर पानीका दरले मिसाएर छर्ने ।

लार्भा हुर्केपछि तथा मकैको घोगा लाग्न थाले पछि विषादीको प्रयोग प्रभावकारी नहुने हुँदा विषादी प्रयोग नगर्ने । त्यसैले, मकै बालीमा कीराको क्षतिको लक्षणहरु देखिनासाथ विषादीको प्रयोग वा अन्य व्यवस्थापन विधि अपनाई नियन्त्रण गर्नु पर्दछ । रासायनिक विषादीको प्रयोग गर्दा सुरक्षात्मक उपायहरु (मास्क, चस्मा, पुरा बाहुला भएको लुगा र जुत्ता लगाएर) अवलम्वन गर्नुपर्छ । पर्खनु पर्ने समयको ख्याल गरौ र जथाभावी बिषादीको दुरुपयोग नगरौं ।

सन्दर्भ सामाग्री : Plant Quarantine and Pesticide Management Centre

फौजी किराको पहिचान र व्यवस्थापन सम्बन्धि कार्यक्रम यस लिंकमा

https://anchor.fm/upakar-bhandari-naturelover/episodes/ep-ecqb7k

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Experiences during World Congress 2016 Indonesia

Global world is now as the community todays due to the invention of science and technology.  IAAS (International association of agriculture students and related science) World, the biggest student association of the world connecting the students from different field together making the global world a community. Every year different country organize World Congress focusing on various topics of the world in agriculture. World Congress 2016 was held in Indonesia from July 23 – Aug 13 in five different cities Bogor (Bogor Agriculture University), Bandung (Padjardajan University), Semarang (Dipenagoro University), Yogyakarta (Gaja Madah University) and Malang (Brawajiya University) by IAAS Indonesia with the theme “Plant your future”.

Representing Nepal

WoCo started from Bogor Agriculture University (IPB) on July 23 to July 29 with traditional welcome practice, national song of Indonesia where I experienced   lots of things. It was my great pleasure to upgrade Nepal from Candidate membership to Full membership country in General Assembly with various workshop and discussion programs on various topics and ideas. Practical and theory class on the tissue culture technique in Orchids in Bogor botanical Garden widens the knowledge on tissue culture. Visit to the Sabisa Farm which is one of the Entrepreneurial Farm by IPB, a farm of dragon fruit and hydroponics technology on green leafy vegetables. International Youth Symposium on Creative Agriculture (IYSCA) where young energetic youth around the world present their research papers on various topics that motivate youth to dedicate on the development of agriculture through creative idea transforming the traditional agricultural practice to modern era of the agriculture. ASEAN secretarial office visit clarifies details of their action in 10 South East Asian countries to uplift the living standard of people through agriculture and forestry sector developing various projects. Different games provide more closeness to all the friends from the world making global community.

Delegates from different countries

Second destination of the WoCo 2016 was Bandung from July 30 to August 1 where we visited the Padjardajan University interaction with the university Rector of the university.  Saung Mang Udjo one of the place in in Java island with cultural performance where we had the activities to explore more on Indosian culture and traditional musical instruments. Jendala Alam was another interesting visit where we experienced the different farm activities on livestock, poultry, vegetable production and many more. Salted egg preparation practice was another interesting activity in Jendala Alam. Development fund night in Bandung made the WoCo more exciting where delegate of each country bring the souvenir from their country for the sell and fund raised to aid the travel cost of the student from category A and B in WoCo. Agrowista an organic agricultural company visit show the knowledge on organic agriculture product and production of bio fertilizer from the byproduct of industry.

Cultural Fashion show during WoCo 2016

Semarang was the third destination from August 2 to August 3 where we visited Dipenogoro University and administration team of the university. Plantation of mangrove plant (Guardian of the coastal region) at Merin beach was more fascinating. Village Concept Project (VCP) by IAAS local Committee   of Dipenogoro University in Gemawang village ginger cultivation and production of ginger chocolate concept was inspiring. We practiced Batik preparation on our own design in this village and know about the procedure of Batik. Excursion to the Agrowista Sidomuncul , an organic industry with organic products and organic fertilizers from the byproducts.

After the session from Semarang we moved to Yogyakarta, central java from August 4 to August 8 with various activities in Gaja Madah University. General assembly remaining session in Yogyakarta was more interesting with the presence of various country for selection of new executive committee 2016/2017 and amendment of the IAAS constitution. In the poster and country presentation delegates share about the activities by IAAS and agriculture status in their countries. Workshop on the project discussion on No Food Wastage, Women in Agriculture, IAAS talks helps to create the action and program in IAAS. We visited Imina farm with multi agricultural commodity production with the use of modern agricultural technology and experience the traditional way of rice plantation practice. The practical class to make jam and juice from the Dragon fruit in Sabila farm and different gaming activities make the visit more interesting.

Presenting activities of IAAS Nepal

August 9 to August 13, the last session of the WoCo 2016 by Local committee of Brawijaya University, Malang.  International youth climate summit in Brawijaya University was a great platform to know the about the burning issue climate change with the theme Industrial development Vs Environmental conservation. Global leaders around the world who have great contribution present their activities to reduce the climate change for the sustainable environment. Green company presentation with its activities in various countries of the world to produce the eco-friendly products from wastage materials was awesome. The most unforgettable moment and great experience was in the Taji village of Malang, inhabitant of Javanese people. Plantation program with the tag of each country and sharing by the village major about the village their living style makes to experience Indonesian village life interesting. Homestay in the villager’s house and to experience their living style with their traditional food taste. We had plantation of the coffee, harvesting cabbage, cassava, and visit to the apple orchard with the villagers. Kota Batu Animal husbandry and training center where we observed the meat processing and milk processing technique. Rafting in Kota Batu River during the departure day was awesome with awesome friends.

WoCo 2016 in Indonesia was awesome with lots of fun, knowledge, sharing and visit to various location of java island with delegates from 25 different countries. Development fund help me to attend the WoCo as delegate from Nepal. Thank you IAAS World for this great platform. All the moments we have with global friends is all about the friendship and memories.

Some memories during WoCo 2016 in Video

Connecting People Creating Opportunities

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घट्दैछ हाम्रो परम्परागत कृषि खाद्यान्नको प्रयोग

कृषि प्रदान देश नेपाल जहाका ६५ प्रतिशत भन्दा बढी जनसंख्या कृषिमा आश्रित छन् l नेपालको अधिकांश भूभाग ग्रामीण क्षेत्रले ओगटेको छ l बढ्दो सहरीकरण र आधुनिकरणले ग्रामिण परिबेशमा पनि आधुनिकता भित्रिरहेको छ जसको कारणले गर्दा परम्परागत कृषि खाद्यान्नको प्रयोग  पनि घट्दै गएको छ l अतिथि देबो भब: नेपाली  संस्कृतिको  सबैभन्दा पहिलो बिशेषता जसले गर्दा पाहुनालाई गर्ने मान सम्मान विश्व माझ परिचित छ l

कुनै बेला थियो पाहुना आउदा घरमा भएको  मकै , सिरम्ला , खट्टे भुटेर महि संग खुवाउने खाजाको रुपमा l बहुसांस्कृतिक, बहुजातियुक्त हाम्रो समाजमा आफ्नै तरिकाले पाहुनालाई सत्कार गर्ने चलन छ l

नेपालमा  प्रचलित परम्परागत खाद्यन्न:

Ø  मकै , भटमास , खट्टे , सिरम्ला भुटेर खुवाउने

Ø   गाईको गोरस वा भैसीको महि

Ø  कोदो , चामल , फापरको रोटि

Ø  घरको करेसाबारीमा उत्पादित फलफुल तथा तरकारी

तर आजभोली यो संस्कृति हट्दै गएको छ l पाहुना  आएमा सिदै बजारमा पाइने चाउचाउ , पाउरोटी आदि खालका जंक खाद्यन्नको प्रयोग बढ्दो छ l घरको परम्परागत खाद्यन्न खुवाउनु भन्दा बजारमा पाइने खाद्यान्न खुवाउदा बढी प्रतिष्ठाको  बिषय बनिसकेको छ l यो खालको प्रवृतिले पनि परम्परागत खाद्यन्न घट्दो छ l यो सोच्न पर्ने बिषय बनेको छ l

त्यसै गरि स्थानीय स्तरमा उत्पादित खाद्यान्न पौष्टिकताको  दृष्टिले  पनि महत्वपूर्ण रहेका छन् l अहिले बजारमा उपलब्ध मोमो , चाउचाउ , चाउमिन , लगायतका अन्य चिज स्वास्थ्यको  दृष्टिले  पनि फाइदा जनक हुदैनन् l

नेपालमा कृषि पर्यटनको सम्भावना पनि धेरै छ l जसकालागि यी परम्परागत खाद्यान्न पनि कृषि पर्यटनको महत्वपुर्ण पाटो हुन् l धेरै आन्तरिक तथा बाह्य पर्यटक यस्तै खाद्यान्नको अनुभब लिन पनि आउने गर्दछन l नेपाली समुदायमा लोप हुदै गएको  यो संस्कृतिलाई आ-आफ्नो   स्थानबाट  महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्न आवश्यक छ l

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Agritourism In Nepal

Agritourism comprise of two words ‘Agriculture’ which means the process of cultivation of crops, fruits, vegetables and livestocks for businesss and ‘Tourism’ means to visit place. Any agricultural based operation or activity that brings visitors in the farm is also agrotourism .  Nepal is a land locked country situated on the lap of Himalayan. Nepal lies at the height from 59m to 8848m that has warm to cold temperature that favors different plants to grow in wide range of temperature. The climatic and geographic situation of Nepal is gift of nature to develop as agritourism country.

Agritourism is one of the sector of ecotourism. People visit these sites for gaining information on cultivation practice of crops, to experience the cultivation practice and so   on.  It helps in showcasing unexplored area , promoting and  developing the economy and lifestyle of local people living in rural area. People are eager to know how the food is produced and talk with farmer what goes into the food production, this is provided by agrotourism.

Nepal is an agricultural country where about 65% people involve in the agriculture. There are plenty of natural resources in Nepal which help agritourism more popular and success in Nepal. The lower land in Terai can be developed as crops production areas, hills as fruits production and mountain as the livestock production according to the geographical situation of Nepal. Several cultivation practices of agricultural products in Nepal in different way in different areas make it more interesting to vvisit for tourist. There can be observe different field situation according to the season. In summer farmer involved in plantation of rice with Ashare songs which make feel them avoid from hard work and make environment pleasant with songs.

Agritorism is one of the vest way to promote the agricultural products throughout the world letting tourist to experience the agriculture life style along with the farmer and agri-entrpreneurs. Nepal with the variation of  agricultural practice in variation with the geographical regions.  Agritourism has various different social, economic and cultural benefits to the nation. It helps visitors to know the traditional practice in these areas and also share their cultivation practice also. Agritourism in Nepal need to have high investment and research so that the lifestyle and economic status of people can be uplifted. There are many of beautiful places in Nepal to visit by tourist but lacks the facilities of road network. There should proper development of the infrastructure such as road networks, communication, and lodging and fooding facilities to visit such agricultural place with beautiful nature’s gift. Many of the NGO's are running projects for the development of agritourism in Nepal. With the colaboration with government agencies, different people and organization involving in agritourism can have a great role in the development of Nepal as Agritourism destination of the world. Then finally we can have Nepal as the best destination to visit with agriculture knowledge and experince here by touists.

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